Card 2 of 8

Roman numerals

The seven letters, how they combine, and the years that catch children out.

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NumberRoman
1I
4IV
5V
9IX
10X
14XIV
19XIX
40XL
50L
90XC
100C
400CD
500D
900CM
1000M
2026MMXXVI

The seven letters: I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000. Memory hook: I Value Xylophones Like Cows Do Milk.

The subtraction rule. A smaller letter before a larger one means subtract:

  • IV = 4 (not IIII), IX = 9, XL = 40, XC = 90, CD = 400, CM = 900

Reading a long one — work left to right in chunks: MMXXVI → MM (2000) + XX (20) + V (5) + I (1) = 2026

Rules examiners test:

  • Never four of the same letter in a row (so 40 is XL, never XXXX)
  • Only I, X, C are ever used for subtraction (never V, L, D)
  • I only subtracts from V and X; X only from L and C; C only from D and M